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The Journal of American Folklore. S2CID Advertising Age. Archived from the original on The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November Available at: [Accessed 3 Dec. Brands and Creatives: Making the most of YouTuber collaborations. Available at: [Accessed 1 Dec. Collaborative Content Creation. Available at: [Accessed 5 Nov. Advertising and Marketing on the Internet: Rules of the Road. Retrieved 4 October Journalism Studies.
ISSN X. Retrieved Archived from the original on December 15, Retrieved December 19, Technology Science. Digital Journalism. Retrieved November 23, March 6, Malware a portmanteau for malicious software is any software intentionally designed to cause disruption to a computer , server , client , or computer network , leak private information, gain unauthorized access to information or systems, deprive users access to information or which unknowingly interferes with the user's computer security and privacy.
Many types of malware exist, including computer viruses , worms , Trojan horses , ransomware , spyware , adware , rogue software , wiper , and scareware. The defense strategies against malware differs according to the type of malware but most can be thwarted by installing antivirus software , firewalls , applying regular patches to reduce zero-day attacks , securing networks from intrusion, having regular backups and isolating infected systems.
Malware is now being designed to evade antivirus software detection algorithms. The notion of a self-reproducing computer program can be traced back to initial theories about the operation of complex automata. This constituted a plausibility result in computability theory. Fred Cohen experimented with computer viruses and confirmed Neumann's postulate and investigated other properties of malware such as detectability and self-obfuscation using rudimentary encryption.
His doctoral dissertation was on the subject of computer viruses. Before Internet access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting executable programs or boot sectors of floppy disks.
By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these programs or boot sectors , a virus causes itself to be run whenever the program is run or the disk is booted. For example, a virus could make an infected computer add autorunnable code to any USB stick plugged into it. Anyone who then attached the stick to another computer set to autorun from USB would in turn become infected, and also pass on the infection in the same way.
Users may also execute disguised malicious email attachments. The first worms, network -borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking Unix systems.
Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes vulnerabilities in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process. With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the s, and the flexible macros of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs. These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications executables , but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code.
Many early infectious programs, including the Morris Worm , the first internet worm, were written as experiments or pranks. Devices can be infected during manufacturing or supply if quality control is inadequate. Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information, [24] or to disrupt their operation in general.
However, malware can be used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details, bank or credit card numbers, and passwords. Since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit.
Since , the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for illicit purposes. Programs designed to monitor users' web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements , or redirect affiliate marketing revenues are called spyware. Spyware programs do not spread like viruses; instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes. They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user-installed software.
Ransomware prevents a user from accessing their files until a ransom is paid. There are two variations of ransomware, being crypto ransomware and locker ransomware. For example, programs such as CryptoLocker encrypt files securely, and only decrypt them on payment of a substantial sum of money. Some malware is used to generate money by click fraud , making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site, generating a payment from the advertiser.
In addition to criminal money-making, malware can be used for sabotage, often for political motives. Stuxnet , for example, was designed to disrupt very specific industrial equipment. There have been politically motivated attacks which spread over and shut down large computer networks, including massive deletion of files and corruption of master boot records , described as "computer killing.
Disttrack and Saudi Aramco August These categories are not mutually exclusive, some malware may use multiple techniques. A Trojan horse is a harmful program that misrepresents itself to masquerade as a regular, benign program or utility in order to persuade a victim to install it.
A Trojan horse usually carries a hidden destructive function that is activated when the application is started. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek story of the Trojan horse used to invade the city of Troy by stealth. Trojan horses are generally spread by some form of social engineering , for example, where a user is duped into executing an email attachment disguised to be unsuspicious, e. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller phoning home which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer, potentially installing additional software such as a keylogger to steal confidential information, cryptomining software or adware to generate revenue to the operator of the trojan.
Unlike computer viruses and worms, Trojan horses generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves. In spring Mac users were hit by the new version of Proton Remote Access Trojan RAT [43] trained to extract password data from various sources, such as browser auto-fill data, the Mac-OS keychain, and password vaults.
Once malicious software is installed on a system, it is essential that it stays concealed, to avoid detection. Software packages known as rootkits allow this concealment, by modifying the host's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user.
Rootkits can prevent a harmful process from being visible in the system's list of processes , or keep its files from being read. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP-V time sharing system:. Each ghost-job would detect the fact that the other had been killed, and would start a new copy of the recently stopped program within a few milliseconds.
The only way to kill both ghosts was to kill them simultaneously very difficult or to deliberately crash the system. A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures, usually over a connection to a network such as the Internet.
Once a system has been compromised, one or more backdoors may be installed in order to allow access in the future, [47] invisibly to the user.
The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified. It was reported in that US government agencies had been diverting computers purchased by those considered "targets" to secret workshops where software or hardware permitting remote access by the agency was installed, considered to be among the most productive operations to obtain access to networks around the world.
The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any specific types of behavior and have been likened to biological viruses.
A worm is a stand-alone malware software that actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers and can copy itself without infecting files. These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires the user to run an infected software or operating system for the virus to spread, whereas a worm spreads itself.
A computer virus is software usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that can produce copies of itself and insert them into other programs or files, and that usually performs a harmful action such as destroying data. Encryption-based ransomware, like the name suggests, is a type of ransomware that encrypts all files on an infected machine. These types of malware then display a pop-up informing the user that their files have been encrypted and that they must pay usually in Bitcoin to recover them.
Some examples of encryption-based ransomware are CryptoLocker and WannaCry. Grayware sometimes spelled as greyware is a term, coming into use around , that applies to any unwanted application or file that can worsen the performance of computers and may cause security risks but which is not typically considered malware.
Grayware encompasses spyware , adware , fraudulent dialers , joke programs "jokeware" , remote access tools and other unwanted programs that may harm the performance of computers or cause inconvenience. For example, at one point, Sony BMG compact discs silently installed a rootkit on purchasers' computers with the intention of preventing illicit copying.
Potentially unwanted programs PUPs or potentially unwanted applications PUAs are applications that would be considered unwanted despite being downloaded often by the user, possibly after failing to read a download agreement. Many security products classify unauthorised key generators as grayware, although they frequently carry true malware in addition to their ostensible purpose.
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Next page. Compare with similar items. From the manufacturer. Sit back. Guided online setup: Connect the remote to your computer and tell us what equipment you have. Our online software walks you through the setup process. One-click Activity Buttons: Simplify your entertainment experience. Intuitive Design: Buttons are grouped by their functions, shaped to help you navigate, and backlit so you always know where you are.
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Verified Purchase. I have actually purchased three of these in the last couple of months. The remotes work well. When all the devices that are supposed to turn on with a single button fail to turn on, you can press the "help" button, and will then be prompted through questions like, "Did that solve the problem? That works quite well. My only complaint about this remote concerns the software. If you have more than one of these, as I do, there should be a way to uniquely name them in the software.
There isn't. The only way to tell them apart from each other is by the number of devices they control. There is simply no reason for this limitation. Improving the software so that individual remotes can be named would be a quick and easy change. If and when Logitech does this, I will update my review to a 5-star review. I hope you found this review helpful. If you leave a comment on the review, suggesting how it would be more helpful, I promise to respond to your comment, and to attempt to incorporate your suggestion in my review, if it is at all possible for me to do so.
My goal is to write reviews that help people, as I have been helped by the reviews others have written. Over the past few years I have owned a Harmony , , and now the I started with the and loved it. It controlled everything I wanted it it plus features that I didn't use. The buttons on the started to wear out.
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